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Kiddushin (קידושין)
The tractate Kiddushin concerns the laws of Jewish marriage, particularly betrothal (kiddushin), the modes of acquisition of a wife, and questions of personal status.
Nashim4 chapters
Modi di acquisizione: donna, schiavo, animale, beni (Mishnah 1:1–10)
V.
Hebrew
Orthodox reading
1:1
הָאִשָּׁה נִקְנֵית בְּשָׁלשׁ דְּרָכִים, וְקוֹנָה אֶת עַצְמָהּ בִּשְׁתֵּי דְרָכִים. נִקְנֵית בְּכֶסֶף, בִּשְׁטָר, וּבְבִיאָה. בְּכֶסֶף, בֵּית שַׁמַּאי אוֹמְרִים, בְּדִינָר וּבְשָׁוֶה דִינָר. וּבֵית הִלֵּל אוֹמְרִים, בִּפְרוּטָה וּבְשָׁוֶה פְרוּטָה. וְכַמָּה הִיא פְרוּטָה, אֶחָד מִשְּׁמֹנָה בָאִסָּר הָאִיטַלְקִי. וְקוֹנָה אֶת עַצְמָהּ בְּגֵט וּבְמִיתַת הַבָּעַל. הַיְבָמָה נִקְנֵית בְּבִיאָה. וְקוֹנָה אֶת עַצְמָהּ בַּחֲלִיצָה וּבְמִיתַת הַיָּבָם:
The woman is acquiredⓘ in three ways, and acquires herself in two ways. She is acquired through money [kiddushin], a written document, and cohabitation [consummation]. Regarding money: Bet Shammai state: with a dinar or with the equivalent in value of a dinar; Bet Hillel state: with a perutah (minimum coin) or with the equivalent in value of a perutah. And how much is a perutah worth? One eighth of the Italian issar. And she acquires herself through a bill of divorce (get) or through the death of the husband. The yevamahⓘ is acquired through cohabitation [consummation]. And she acquires herself through chalitzah (rite of release from the levirate) or through the death of the yavam.
1:2
עֶבֶד עִבְרִי נִקְנֶה בְכֶסֶף וּבִשְׁטָר, וְקוֹנֶה אֶת עַצְמוֹ בַּשָּׁנִים וּבַיּוֹבֵל וּבְגִרְעוֹן כֶּסֶף. יְתֵרָה עָלָיו אָמָה הָעִבְרִיָּה, שֶׁקּוֹנָה אֶת עַצְמָהּ בְּסִימָנִין. הַנִּרְצָע נִקְנֶה בִרְצִיעָה, וְקוֹנֶה אֶת עַצְמוֹ בַיּוֹבֵל וּבְמִיתַת הָאָדוֹן:
The eved ivri (Hebrew slave) is acquired by means of money and by means of a written deed; he reacquires himself by means of the completion of the years [of service], by means of the Jubileeⓘ and by means of deduction from the purchase priceⓘ. The ama haivrit (Hebrew maidservant) has an additional pathway beyond his: she reacquires herself by means of signs of pubertyⓘ. The nirtzà (slave with a pierced ear) is acquired by means of the piercingⓘ; he reacquires himself by means of the Jubilee and by means of the death of the master.
1:3
עֶבֶד כְּנַעֲנִי נִקְנֶה בְכֶסֶף וּבִשְׁטָר וּבַחֲזָקָה, וְקוֹנֶה אֶת עַצְמוֹ בְכֶסֶף עַל יְדֵי אֲחֵרִים, וּבִשְׁטָר עַל יְדֵי עַצְמוֹ, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי מֵאִיר. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים, בְּכֶסֶף עַל יְדֵי עַצְמוֹ וּבִשְׁטָר עַל יְדֵי אֲחֵרִים, וּבִלְבַד שֶׁיְּהֵא הַכֶּסֶף מִשֶּׁל אֲחֵרִים:
The eved kena'ani (Canaanite slave) is acquired with money, with a written document, and with actual possessionⓘ; and acquires himself with money through others, and with a written document through himself: these are the words of Rabbi Meir. The Sages state: with money through himself and with a written document through others, provided the money belongs to others.
1:4
בְּהֵמָה גַסָּה נִקְנֵית בִּמְסִירָה, וְהַדַּקָּה בְּהַגְבָּהָה, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי מֵאִיר וְרַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים, בְּהֵמָה דַקָּה נִקְנֵית בִּמְשִׁיכָה:
Large cattle are acquired through mesirahⓘ, and small cattle through hagbahahⓘ: these are the words of Rabbi Meir and Rabbi Eliezer. The Sages state: small cattle are acquired through meshikhahⓘ.
1:5
נְכָסִים שֶׁיֵּשׁ לָהֶם אַחֲרָיוּת נִקְנִין בְּכֶסֶף וּבִשְׁטָר וּבַחֲזָקָה. וְשֶׁאֵין לָהֶם אַחֲרָיוּת, אֵין נִקְנִין אֶלָּא בִמְשִׁיכָה. נְכָסִים שֶׁאֵין לָהֶם אַחֲרָיוּת, נִקְנִין עִם נְכָסִים שֶׁיֵּשׁ לָהֶם אַחֲרָיוּת, בְּכֶסֶף וּבִשְׁטָר וּבַחֲזָקָה. וְזוֹקְקִין נְכָסִים שֶׁאֵין לָהֶם אַחֲרָיוּת אֶת הַנְּכָסִים שֶׁיֵּשׁ לָהֶם אַחֲרָיוּת לִשָּׁבַע עֲלֵיהֶן:
Property subject to lienⓘ is acquired through money, a written deed, and actual possessionⓘ. Property not subject to lien is acquired only through meshikhaⓘ. Property not subject to lien is acquired together with property subject to lien through money, a written deed, and actual possession. And property not subject to lien bindsⓘ property subject to lien to take an oath concerning them.
1:6
כָּל הַנַּעֲשֶׂה דָמִים בְּאַחֵר, כֵּיוָן שֶׁזָּכָה זֶה, נִתְחַיֵּב זֶה בַחֲלִיפָיו. כֵּיצַד. הֶחֱלִיף שׁוֹר בְּפָרָה אוֹ חֲמוֹר בְּשׁוֹר, כֵּיוָן שֶׁזָּכָה זֶה, נִתְחַיֵּב זֶה בַחֲלִיפָיו. רְשׁוּת הַגָּבוֹהַּ, בְּכֶסֶף, וּרְשׁוּת הַהֶדְיוֹט, בַּחֲזָקָה. אֲמִירָתוֹ לַגָּבוֹהַּ, כִּמְסִירָתוֹ לַהֶדְיוֹט:
Whatever serves as a medium of exchangeⓘ with another: as soon as the latter acquires (the good), the former is bound for the counter-value of the exchange. How so? One who exchanges an ox for a cow or a donkey for an ox: as soon as the latter acquires (the good), the former is bound for the counter-value of the exchange. The domain of the Most Highⓘ is acquired through money; the domain of the private individual, through actual possessionⓘ. His verbal declarationⓘ to the Most High is equivalent to his delivery to a private individual.
1:7
כָּל מִצְוֹת הַבֵּן עַל הָאָב, אֲנָשִׁים חַיָּבִין וְנָשִׁים פְּטוּרוֹת. וְכָל מִצְוֹת הָאָב עַל הַבֵּן, אֶחָד אֲנָשִׁים וְאֶחָד נָשִׁים חַיָּבִין. וְכָל מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה שֶׁהַזְּמָן גְּרָמָהּ, אֲנָשִׁים חַיָּבִין וְנָשִׁים פְּטוּרוֹת. וְכָל מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה שֶׁלֹּא הַזְּמָן גְּרָמָהּ, אֶחָד אֲנָשִׁים וְאֶחָד נָשִׁים חַיָּבִין. וְכָל מִצְוַת לֹא תַעֲשֶׂה, בֵּין שֶׁהַזְּמָן גְּרָמָהּ בֵּין שֶׁלֹּא הַזְּמָן גְּרָמָהּ, אֶחָד אֲנָשִׁים וְאֶחָד נָשִׁים חַיָּבִין, חוּץ מִבַּל תַּשְׁחִית וּבַל תַּקִּיף וּבַל תִּטַּמָּא לְמֵתִים:
All precepts concerning the son that devolve upon the father — men are obligated and women are exempt. All precepts concerning the father that devolve upon the son — both men and women are obligated. Every time-bound positive preceptⓘ — men are obligated and women are exempt. Every positive precept that is not time-bound — both men and women are obligated. Every prohibitive precept, whether time determines it or time does not determine it — both men and women are obligated; except the prohibition against shaving (the corners of the beard), the prohibition against rounding (the hair of the head), and the prohibition against contracting impurity from the deadⓘ.
1:8
הַסְּמִיכוֹת, וְהַתְּנוּפוֹת, וְהַהַגָּשׁוֹת, וְהַקְּמִיצוֹת, וְהַהַקְטָרוֹת, וְהַמְּלִיקוֹת, וְהַהַזָּאוֹת, וְהַקַּבָּלוֹת, נוֹהֲגִין בַּאֲנָשִׁים וְלֹא בְנָשִׁים, חוּץ מִמִּנְחַת סוֹטָה וּנְזִירָה, שֶׁהֵן מְנִיפוֹת:
The laying on of handsⓘ, the ritual wavingsⓘ, the presentations at the altar, the scoopings of a handful of flour, the burnings on the altar, the pinchings of the head of the birdsⓘ, the sprinklings of the blood and the receivings of the blood — are performed for men and not for women, except for the minchah (grain offering) of the sotahⓘ and of the nazirite, who perform the ritual waving.
1:9
כָּל מִצְוָה שֶׁהִיא תְלוּיָה בָאָרֶץ אֵינָהּ נוֹהֶגֶת אֶלָּא בָאָרֶץ. וְשֶׁאֵינָהּ תְּלוּיָה בָאָרֶץ נוֹהֶגֶת בֵּין בָּאָרֶץ בֵּין בְּחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ, חוּץ מִן הָעָרְלָה וְכִלְאָיִם. רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר, אַף מִן הֶחָדָשׁ:
Every precept tied to the Land is in force only in the Land. And that which is not tied to the Land is in force both in the Land and outside the Land, except for orlahⓘ and kil'ayimⓘ. Rabbi Eliezer states: also regarding chadashⓘ.
1:10
כָּל הָעוֹשֶׂה מִצְוָה אַחַת, מְטִיבִין לוֹ וּמַאֲרִיכִין לוֹ יָמָיו וְנוֹחֵל אֶת הָאָרֶץ. וְכָל שֶׁאֵינוֹ עוֹשֶׂה מִצְוָה אַחַת, אֵין מְטִיבִין לוֹ וְאֵין מַאֲרִיכִין לוֹ יָמָיו וְאֵינוֹ נוֹחֵל אֶת הָאָרֶץ. כָּל שֶׁיֶּשְׁנוֹ בַמִּקְרָא וּבַמִּשְׁנָה וּבְדֶרֶךְ אֶרֶץ, לֹא בִמְהֵרָה הוּא חוֹטֵא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (קהלת ד) וְהַחוּט הַמְשֻׁלָּשׁ לֹא בִמְהֵרָה יִנָּתֵק. וְכָל שֶׁאֵינוֹ לֹא בַמִּקְרָא וְלֹא בַמִּשְׁנָה וְלֹא בְדֶרֶךְ אֶרֶץ, אֵינוֹ מִן הַיִּשּׁוּב:
Whoever fulfills even a single precept, good is done to him, his days are prolonged, and he inherits the land. And whoever does not fulfill even a single precept, good is not done to him, his days are not prolonged, and he does not inherit the land. Whoever is versed in Scripture, in the Mishnah, and in civil conductⓘ does not easily sin, as it is said (Qohelet 4): «the threefold cordⓘ is not easily broken». And whoever is versed neither in Scripture nor in the Mishnah nor in civil conduct does not belong to the assembly of menⓘ.